India’s Population Growth

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION pot suppu dimensionn The world clear it off dramatic universe initiateing during the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate, with the military issue of inhabitants doubling from 3 to 6 zillion amidst 1960 and 2000. India, too, saw truly rapid nation step-up during this head from 448 adept thousand thousand to 1. 04 billion and to 1. 21 billion in 2010. The effects of yester class and projected future demographic variegate on sparing growing in India is the main boil everyplacethrow of this chapter.Figure 1 plots world good deal from 1950 to 2050, and shows the sh atomic matter 18 of world state ascribable to India post-2010 selective information atomic number 18 accept to get toher Nations (UN) ejections. Global tribe grew at close to 2% per annum from 1960-2000, a level that is unsustainable in the gigantic term, as it translates into commonwealth doubling every 35 course of studys. Indias race is soon develop hold discloseforcet at a count of 1. 4% per year, far surpassing main terra firma Chinas graze of 0. 7%. The dis similarial between India and China forget mode post in India surpassing China with respect to existence sizing in piffling than 20 years. art object a ca recitation for headache, globose world evolution has non met Malthus pessimistic predictions of human misery and mass goal g all overn stride. During the medieval cadences few decennarys, rapid community out appendage has been accompanied by an precious pass up in fatality rate judge and by an affix in income per capita, both glob wholey and in India. GLOBAL WORLD POPULATION In 1901 the world existence was 1. 6 billion. By 1960, it became 3 billion, and by 1987, 5 billion and in 1999, 6 billion.Currently, one billion people atomic number 18 added every 12 13 years. During the equal decade in that location has been existent even off pip in comport rate. The rea watchwords for decline var y from guild to society urbanization, rising preparational attainment, increasing troth among women, light child deathrate atomic number 18 around major(ip) factors liable for growing desire for littler families increasing aw arness and improved access to contraceptive method imbibe do it feasible for the majority of the couple to light upon the desired family size.In some countries subnormality of the existence growing has been collectible to an append in mortality (e. g. human immuno wish virus related mortality in sub-saharan Africa). As a resolving power of all these the decline in the global existence growth during the nineties is steeper than the earlier predictions. Currently, the annual increment is al most(prenominal) 80 billion. It is anticipate to decrease to about 64 meg by 2020 -25 and to 33 jillion by 2045 -50 95 % of the growth of universe of discourse occurs in develop countries.Most demographers deliberate that the current accelerat ed decline in tribe growth forgeting carry on for the close few decades and the medium projections of race Division of fall in Nations, that the global population provide grow to 8. 9 billion by 2050 is liable(predicate) to be achieved (Figure 1) POPULATION PROJECTION The skillful grouping on Population Projections stigmatize up by the case Commission on Population has repennyly come out with population projections for India and states. As per this report, Indias population is expect to r several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly 1. 2 billion by 2011 and 1. billion by 2006 ( suck up Table 5). consort to this projection, population would grow by 1. 4 portion during the El nonethe slightth Five-Year Plan period ( more(prenominal) precisely during 2006-11). Even by 2021-26, the population is judge to draw a growth rate of 0. 9 per centime (see Table 6). An chief(prenominal) assumption chthonianlying this projection is that the entire birth rate rate would buy the farm r eplacement level ( nigh 2. 1) unaccompanied by 2021. The reason behind this gloomy expectation is the s imprint pace of impressiveness transition in several bragging(a), mating Indian states.In fact, according the Technical Group, TFR would not reach the replacement level in some of these states even by 2031. Although the Technical Group did not carry forward the projection till the date of stabilization, the projected delay in reaching the replacement-level impressiveness would imply that Indias population would not stabilize before 2060, and until population size nears 1. 7 billion. One of the roughly chilling directs of this exercise is the long geographical disparity in the projected population growth.If the total population of the unsophisticated is expected to grow by 36 percent between 2001 and 2026, in southern states, the growth is expected to be around 15-25 percent only, whereas in northern distinguishs of the democracy, the growth is expected to be in the rang e of 40-50 percent (see Table 7). Of the expected addition of 370 million to Indias population during 2001-26, Uttar Pradesh alone would account for a whopping 22 percent, and the an clean(prenominal)(prenominal) three northern states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan would account for an early(a) 22 percent.The population growth in these regions is excessively expected to cause population pressure in major migration destinations, chiefly Delhi and Maharashtra. Clearly, something urgent affects to be make to obstructor population growth in these states. CHAPTER 2 demographic TRANSITION DEMOGRAPHIC SCENARIO Demographers refer to these changes from horse barn population with advanced malodorousness and mortality to a new stability in population due to low fruitfulness and mortality warnings as demographic transition.Demographic transition occurs in four configurations of these the maiden three phases ar characterized by population growth. In the first phase on tha t point is a glitter in death rate and usefulness in longevity this leads to population growth. In the second phase thither is a fall in birth rate solely fall is less steep than fall in death place and wherefore there is population growth. In the third phase death rates plateau and replacement level of stinkiness is attained save the population growth carrys because of the adult size of population in reproductive while sort.The fourth phase is characterized by fall in birth rate to beneath replacement level and simplification in the proportion of the population in reproductive get on with assembl matureing as a result of these changes population growth ceases and population stabilizes. Experience in some of the actual countries suggest that in some societies even after attainment of stable population there may be a further decline in richness so that there is a further step-down in the population- so cal guide negative population growth phase of the demographic t ransition.Different countries in the world put one over entered the demographic transition at different periods of time there argon in like manner substantial differences in the rate of demographic transition and time taken to achieve population stabilization. menstruation DEMOGRAPHIC SCENARIO India, currently the second al near populous country in the world, has 17 percent of worlds population in less than three percent of earths enter athletic field. India began the 20th century with the population about 238 million and by 2000 it ended up with 1 billion. According to estimates, India added an otherwise 100 million by 2006 when its population reached 1. 1 billion.The country added 16 million people annually in the1980s and 18 million annually in the 1990s until the present. While the global population has change enact of magnitude threefold during the digest century, from 2 billion to 6 billion, India has annex its population nearly five times during the same period (Ta ble-1). Indias population is expected exceed that of China before 2030 to become the virtually populous country in the world. India is in the middle of demographic transition. both cornucopia and mortality pay started declining byout the country, though the pace and magnitude of the decline varies considerably across the states.Like some countries of the world, the on correct of mortality decline preceded the onset of fertility decline by few decades. The country has witnessed epochal profits in demographic and wellness indicators since Independence. But an accurate assessment of Indias demographic achievements is hampered by data deficiencies, particularly for the period before the seventies. The official estimates of fertility and mortality levels at the time of independence are believed to be utter(a) underestimates. Nonetheless, even they suggest significant achievements in this field.The raw birth rate, which was formally put at 42 per 1,000 in 1951-61, has declined to 24 in 2004, as per the estimates available from the sample registration system (SRS). The liveliness forecast at birth, which was about 32 years at the time of independence, has copyd. Infant mortality rate has come down from about 150 in 1951 to 58 by 2004. Considering the size and diversity of Indias population, the decline in both fertility and mortality is a significant achievement. Nearly one-third of Indias population has lowered its fertility to replacement level. impressiveness in India has come down under a wide range of socio- economic and heathen conditions. De bruise this achievement, some(prenominal) are concerned with the pace of fertility decline, particularly in the astronomic, north Indian states. To everyplacecome this, the northern region of India forget adopt very more than more focused programmes and more investment not only in the provision of family wellbeing services just also for the overall socio-economic maturation. form IN THE AGE STRU CTURE Indias demographic changes are also manifest in its time grammatical construction.The population pyramids down the stairs show the dispense of population in each age group, separately for males and females. In 1950, India had a very young population, with umteen children and few elderly this gave Indias age distri unlession a phaseed shape. Moving forward in time, the old bag of the population pyramid shrinks as the number of pull ining-age individuals ontogenesiss relative to children and the elderly. Following charts yield Indias population pyramids In demonstrable countries the reproductive age group population is relatively microscopical their fertility is low and the longevity at birth is broad(prenominal).Population composes of these countries resemble a cylinder and not a pyramid. These countries pack the advantages of having achieved a stable population alone have to face the problems of having a relatively small productive custody to support the larg e hoary population with substantial non-communicable disease burden. Some of the developing countries have undergone a very rapid decline in the birth rates in spite of appearance a short period. This alterd them to quickly achieve population stabilization but they do face the problems of rapid changes in the age bodily structure and workforce which may be short-handed to march their manpower fatalitys.In contrast the population in most of the developing countries (including India) consist of a very large proportion of children and persons in reproductive age. Because of the large reproductive age group (Population momentum) the population will continue to grow even when replacement level of fertility is reached (couples having only both children). It is compulsory that these countries should generate enough usage opportunities for this work force and utilise the human resources and accelerate their conomic growth. Planners and policy restorers in developing countries lik e India have to take into account the ongoing demographic changes (number and age structure of the population) so that available human resources are optimally utilised as agents of change and evolution to achieve improvement in quality of feeling. This chart illustrates several critical points. First, the ratio of working-age people to dependents has been lower in Sub-Saharan Africa than in eastern United States Asia finishedout the entire period shown.This means that East Asia has had high verse of people in the roseola years for working and saving. The difference between the two lines is primarily a reflection of a relatively high burden of youth dependency in Sub-Saharan Africa, due to its long history of high fertility. By contrast, East Asia, with a precipitous decline in fertility, experienced the most rapid demographic transition in history. Today, East Asia has more than 2. 3 workers for every non-worker, dwarfing Sub-Saharan Africas 1. 2 workers per non-worker.This difference translates into households having an entire spare worker for every non-worker, which in crimp results in a commensurately large adjoin in income per household, ultimately aggregating upward to change magnitude country- level growth. Fertility decline lowers youth dependency immediately, but does not appreciably change the working-age population for 20-25 years. But when the working-age population does join on as a partake in of the total population, there is an opportunity for economic growth. Figure 3 suggests that the winner economic performance of East Asia since the mid-1970s is related to East Asias demographics.Indeed, utilize rigorous theoretical and statistical tools and appropriate data,2 economists have spent the past decade garnering evidence that East Asias rapid economic growth was spurred by its demographic transition, during which East Asias age structure has evolved in a way that has been highly favorable for economic growth. The resulting body o f work suggests that demographic change accounts for approximately 2 percentage points of the growth rate of income per capita in East Asia, representing one-third of the supposed miracle.Labeling the economic growth East Asia as a miracle, therefore, was partly a reflection of a also-ran to consider the implications of demographics. Figure 4 plots several aspects of Indias demographic profile over time, revealing significant improvements in basic health indicators. The interplay of these mortality and fertility changes implies sizable changes in the age structure of Indias population. Since 1950, India has experienced a 70% decline in the infant mortality rate, from over 165 deaths per thousand live births in the 1950s to around 50 today. Indias child (i. e. under age 5) mortality rate has travel from 138 deaths per thousand in the early 1980s to 75 today. Life hope has increase at an average pace of 4. 5 years per decade since 1950. The fertility rate has declined sharply fro m approximately 6 children per charwoman in the 1950s to 2. 7 children per woman today. Figure 4 shows three trends that fertility may follow in the future, establish on the assumptions the United Nations makes in publishing low-, medium-, and high-fertility scenarios. The population growth rate, after peaking in the late 1970s at about 2. 3% per year, has fallen to 1. % in 2010. In spite of the decline in fertility and the population growth rate, Indias population is restrained projected to increase (based on the UNs medium-fertility scenario) from about 1. 2 billion today to an estimated 1. 6 billion by 2050 due to population momentum (i. e. , the large cohort of women of reproductive age will can population growth over the beside generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did). Finally, the decline of crude birth and death rates shows that India is rebellion on in its demographic transition. The sexual activity ratio at birth in India is 1 . 2 males for each female one of the highest ratios in the world. The correspond figure for 2003 was 1. 05 (United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2010). Sex-selective abortions, although illegal, are thought to be a prime reason for this high ratio. Indian families have long shown favoritism toward boys, and new technologies are allowing that preference to be expressed in differential birth rates. As in virtually all countries, heart expectancy at birth in India also differs by sex. In the period 2005-2010, female liveliness expectancy was 65. 0 years, and male life expectancy was 62. years very similar to the differences that are seen in developing countries as a whole and in the world. However, India differs from the world and from developing countries as a whole in the manner in which sex differences in life expectancy have evolved since 1950. In most countries, women lived longer than men in 1950, whereas in India female life expectancy, at 37. 1 years, was 1. 6 years less than that of men. This differential has reversed in the intervening years. (United Nations, 2009) Indias demographic changes are also manifest in its age structure.The population pyramids of Figure 5 show the share of population in each age group, separately for males and females. In 1950, India had a very young population, with many children and few elderly this gave Indias age distribution a pyramidal shape. Moving forward in time, the base of the population pyramid shrinks as the number of working-age individuals increases relative to children and the elderly. The ratio of working-age to non-working-age people in India mirrored the corresponding ratio in East Asia from 1950 to 1975. Since then, it has been lower than that of East Asia corresponding to a higher(prenominal) burden of youth dependency.Indeed, Indias demographic cycle right off lags roughly 25 years behind that of East Asia. A rigorously demographic perspective suggests that the next three decades will be a pe riod of catching up for India with respect to per capita income in East Asia. While these fertility scenarios have very different implications for the future age structure of Indias population, all three suggest further growth in the working-age share. Under the low- fertility scenario, according to which the total fertility rate will drop to 1. 4 by 2030, India is expected to reach a higher working-age ratio than ever seen in East Asia.The medium scenario shows India reaching a ratio nearly as high as East Asias high point, and the high scenario shows a very modest increase over todays ratio in India. In sum, the medium- and low-fertility scenarios bode well with respect to Indias potential for realizing a sizable demographic dividend, representing what could sum of money to an additional percentage point or more of per capita income growth, compounded year after year. This is not an insignificant amount, carryn that the annual rate of growth of Indias real income per capita aver aged a little over 4% during the past three decades (World Bank, 2010).As an aside, it should be noted that Indias demographic indicators are similar to those of the South Asian region as a whole. Compared with the two other large South Asian countries, it is beforehand of Pakistan in the demographic transition, but behind Bangladesh. An additional demographic fact deserves mention there are an estimated 11. 4 million Indians living outside of India. The countries to which Indians have emigrated in largest numbers, as of 2010, are United Arab Emirates (2. 2 million), the United States (1. 7 million), Saudi Arabia (1. 5 million), and Bangladesh (1. 1 million).In 2000, 57,000 Indian physicians were living overseas. In 2010, Indian emigrants are estimated to be sending home remittances totaling $55 billion, the most of any country, constituting about 4. 5% of GDP. (Ratha, Mohapatra, and Silwal, 2011) The number of Indian immigrants in the United States has grown rapidly in recent year s (there were 1. 0 million in 2000). Their median age is 37, and just over half are female. Nearly three-quarters have at least a bachelors degree, and nearly half work in professional occupations. Mean personal income (in 2008 dollars) is $53,000, and median household income is $92,000. United States Bureau of the Census, International Data Base (2008 midyear estimates). As political, economic, and social conditions change over time in India and its neighbors, the number of migrants, the skills they take to other countries, and the comfort of the remittances they send may change significantly. DEMOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION * INTERSTATE release The projected values for the total population in different regions is shown in the Figure 2. 10. 3. in that location are marked differences between states in size of the population, projected population growth rates and the time by which TFR of 2. 1 is likely to be achieved.If the present trend continues, most of the southern and the Hesperi an states are likely to achieve TFR of 2. 1 by 2010. Urgent tireless steps to assess and fully foregatherin availability and access to service are fateed in the unmet needs for maternal and child health Rajasthan, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (MCH) take and contraception through improvement and Bihar (before division) in order to achieve a speedy decline in their mortality and fertility rates. The performance of these states would determine the year and size of the population at which the country achieves aster decline in their mortality and fertility rates.The performance of these states would determine the year and size of the population at which the country achieves replacement level of fertility. It is imperative that picky efforts are make during the next two decades to break the vicious self- perpetuating cycle of suffering performance, poor per capita income, need, low literacy and high birth rate in the populous states so that further widening of disparitie s between states in terms of per capita income and quality of life is holded. An Empowered Action Group has been set up to provide special assistance to these states.The benefits accrued from such assistance will depend to a large extent on the states ability to utilize the available money and improve services and facilities. * GENDER BIAS The reported decline in the sex ratio during the current century has been a cause for concern (Figure 2. 10. 4). The factors responsible for this continued decline are as yet not the whole wayly identified. However, it is well recognised that the adverse sex ratio is a reflection of gender disparities. There is an urgent need to hold back that all sectors collect and report sex disaggregated data.This will help in monitor for evidence of gender disparity. Continued collection, collation, analysis and reporting of sex disaggregated data from all socialoffence. However, unless there is a change in social sectors will also provide a mechanism to monitorattitudes, these legislations cannot achieve the whether girls and women have relate access todesired change. Intensive community upbringing these services. In the 0-6 age group show massive inter-state differences (Figure 2. 10. 5). In addition, data indicate that over the last three decades there has been a decline in the 0-6 sex ratio . Table 2. 10. 2) There had been speculation as to whether female sex prevailency tests and selective female feticide are, at least in part responsible for this. The Government of India has enacted a legislation banning the prenatal sex determination and selective abortion mend female infanticide is a cognoscible efforts to combat these practices, e oddly in pockets from where female infanticide and foeticide have been reported, are desperately required. The National Family wellness Survey clearly brought out the sex differentials in the neonatal, post neonatal, infant and under five mortality rates .As there is no biological reason f or the higher mortality among the girl children these differences are an indication of living gender bias in caring for the girl child (Figure 2. 10. 5a). In the reproductive age-groups, the mortality rates among women are higher than those among men. The continued high maternal mortality is one of the major factors responsible for this. Effective writ of execution of the RCH programme is expected to result in a substantial drop-off in maternal mortality. Currently, the longevity at birth among women is only marginally higher than that among men.However, the difference in life expectancy between men and women will progressively increase over the next decade. Once the reproductive age group is crossed, the mortality rates among women are lower. Women will OUTNUMBER men in over 60 age group Departments of Health, Family Welfare and Women and Child growing are initiating steps to date that these women get the care they need. CHAPTER 3 CAUSES OF POPULATION GROWTH BIRTH crop * POV ERTY According to ABC News, India currently faces approximately 33 births a minute, 2,000 an hour, 48,000 a day, which calculates to nearly 12 million a year.Unfortunately, the resources do not increase as the population increases. Instead the resources keep decreasing, track to making survival for a human being more and more competitive even for the basic necessities of life like solid feed, clothing and shelter. ?India currently faces a vicious cycle of population explosion and poverty. One of the most important reasons for this population increase in India is poverty. According to Geography. com, More than three hundred million Indians earn less than US $1 everyday and about 130 million people are anticless. The people, who have to struggle to make two ends project produce more children because more children mean more earning hands. Also, due to poverty, the infant mortality rate among such families is higher due to the deprivation of facilities like nutriment and medical resources. Thus, they produce more children expect that not all of them would be able to survive. The end result is a mounting increase in the population size of India. Due to the increase in population, the problems of scarce resources, jobs, and poverty increases.Thus the cycle continues leadership to an ever-increasing population that we see today. This cycle in fact skill be considered as a verifying feedback, in that the increase in one results in the increase of the other factor. As the poverty and the population both increase, the development of the country and the society seems even more far-fetched.? * Religious beliefs, Traditions and Cultural Norms? Indias burnish runs very deep and far back in history. Due to the increase population, the educational facilities are very scarce.As a result, most people appease strictly follow ancient beliefs. According to ABC News, the famous Indian author, Shobha De said, God said Go forth and produce and we just went ahead and did exactly that. In addition, a lot of families prefer having a son rather than a daughter. As a result, a lot of families have more children than they actually want or can afford, resulting in change magnitude poverty, lack of resources, and most importantly, an increase population. ?Another one of Indias cultural norms is for a girl to get married at an early age.In most of the agrestic areas and in some urban areas as well, families prefer to get their girls married at the age of 14 or 15. Although child spousal relationship is illegal in India, the culture and the society surrounding the girls in India does not allow them to oppose such decisions taken by their family. For many, giving a girl child in marriage is done not by choice, but rather out of compulsion. The poor economic status of tribal villagers is attributed as one of the primary factors responsible for the prevalence of child marriages in India.An example of one such incident was reported in Indiainfo. com. Accord ing to an article written by Syed Zarir Hussain on October 16th, 2000, Forty-two-year-old Rojo Tok, a tribal shaver in Arunachal Pradesh, was all decked up in local finery to wed Mepong Taku, a girl who will turn 14 this winter. ? I was brought up in a very different environment and never had to worry about getting married at the age of 14 or 15. However, my parents sour their eyes away, when my maidservants daughter was being married off when she was only 13 years old.I was very young, but my parents simply said, Thats just how things are with poor people and I did not have a say in it. Due to the young age of these girls, they have more potential of bearing children, that is, since they start bearing children at a very early age, they can have more children throughout their lifetime. This results in the increase of the global fertility rate. Since these girls get married at a very early age, they do not have the opportunity to get educated. Therefore, they remain uneducated and teach the same norms to their own children, and the tradition goes on from one generation to the other. DEATH RATE Although poverty has increased and the development of the country continues to be hampered, the improvements in medical facilities have been tremendous. This improvement might be considered positive, but as far as population increase is considered, it has only been positive in terms of increasing the population further. The crude death rate in India in 1981 was approximately 12. 5, and that trim back to approximately 8. 7 in 1999. Also, the infant mortality rate in India decreased from 129 in 1981 to approximately 72 in 1999 (Mapsindia. com, Internet).These numbers are clear indications of the improvements in the medical field. This development is satisfactory for the economy and society of India, but strictly in terms of population, this advancement has further enhanced the increase in population. ?The average life expectancy of people in India has increased from 52 . 9 in 1975-80 to 62. 4 in 1995-00. Although our near and dear ones would live longer, due to the increase in the population, the resources available per person would be oft less, leading to a decrease in the curvature of the slope of development instead of a higher gradient.In addition, abortion is not allowed by several religions that are followed in India. In fact, in Islam, one of the leading religions of India, children are considered to be gifts of God, and so the more children a woman has, the more she is esteem in her family and society. As a result, although the measures to control birth are each not available or k in a flashn to the usual, the facilities to increase birth through medical facilities are available.? MIGRATION? In countries like the United States (U. S. ), immigration plays an important role in the population increase.However, in countries like India, immigration plays a very small role in the population change. Although people from beside countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, migrate to India at the same time Indians migrate to other countries like the U. S. , Australia, and the U. K. During the 1971 war between India and Pakistan over Bangladesh, the immigration rate increased tremendously. However, currently the migration in India is 0. 08 migrants per 1000 population (AskJeeves. com, Internet), and is decreasing further.This is definitely good for India. This way, the population might eventually come close to being under control and more people may get discontinue job opportunities and further education. For example, the students in my university from India, like myself, have better chances for job opportunities and better education outside India than we would have had in India. CHAPTER 4 IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH During the past decade, there have been two significant breakthroughs regarding the impact of demographics on national economic performance.The first has to do with the effect of the chang ing age structure of a population. The second relates to population health. Demographers use the demographic transition as a starting point for explaining this effect. The demographic transition refers to the nearly ubiquitous change countries undergo from a regime of high fertility and high mortality to one of low fertility and low mortality. As this phenomenon tends to occur in an asynchronous fashion, with death rates declining first and birth rates following later, countries often experience a transitional period of rapid population growth.This period has traditionally been the main focus of economists interested in demographics. But population growth is not the only major consequence of the demographic transition. The age structure is also transformed. This happens initially as a consequence of a bollix up boom that occurs at the rise of the transition. The baby boom is not caused by an increase in births, but rather by the sharply decreased rates of infant and child mortali ty that are characteristic of the beginning of a demographic transition, mainly due to increased access to vaccines, antibiotics, golosh urine system, and sanitation.This lineament of baby boom starts with higher survival rates and abates when fertility subsequently declines as couples recognize that fewer births are needed to reach their targets for surviving children, and as those targets are moderated. Baby booms are very important economically, because the presence of more children requires that there be more resources for food, clothing, housing, medical care, and schooling. Those resources mustiness be diverted from other uses such as building factories, establishing infrastructure, and investment in research and development.This diversion of resources to current consumption can temporarily slow the process of economic growth. Of course, babies born in such a boom will invariably reach working ages within a period of 15-25 years. When this happens, the productive messag e of the economy expands on a per capita can and a demographic dividend may be within reach. Environmental and bionomic consequences The already densely populated developing countries contribute to over 95% of the population growth and rapid population growth could lead to environmental deterioration.Developed countries are less densely populated and contribute very little to population growth however, they cause massive ecological damage by the go down onful, unnecessary and unbalanced consumption the consequences of which could adversely affect both the developed and the developing countries. The review on Promotion of sustainable development take exceptions for environmental policies in the Economic Survey 1998-99 had covered in detail the major environmental problems, and policy options for improvement the present review will only briefly touch upon some of the important ecological consequences of demographic transition.In many developing countries continued population growt h has resulted in pressure on land, fragmentation of land holding, collapsing fisheries, shrinking forests, rising temperatures, loss of plant and sentient being species. Global warming due to increasing use of fossil fuels (mainly by the developed countries) could have serious effects on the populous coastal regions in developing countries, their food payoff and essential water supplies. The Intergovernmental embellish on Climate Change has projected that, if current greenishhouse flub emission trends continue, the mean global surface temperature will rise from 1 to 3. degrees Celsius in the next century. The panels best estimate scenario projects a sea-level rise of 15 to 95 centimeters by 2100. The ecological impact of rising oceans would include increased flooding, coastal erosion, salination of aquifers and coastal crop land and displacement of millions of people living near the coast. Patterns of precipitation are also likely to change, which unite with increased average temperatures, could substantially alter the relative agrarian productivity of different regions.Greenhouse gas emissions are closely linked to both population growth and development. Slower population growth in developing countries and ecologically sustainable lifestyles in developed countries would make reduction in green house gas emission easier to achieve and provide more time and options for adaptation to climate change. Rapid population growth, developmental activities either to meet the growing population or the growing needs of the population as well as changing lifestyles and consumption patterns pose major challenge to preservation and promotion of ecological balance in India.Some of the major ecological adverse effects reported in India include severe pressure on the forests due to both the rate of resource use and the constitution of use. The per capita forest biomass in the country is only about 6 piles as against the global average of 82 tons. adverse effect on spe cies diversity conversion of habitat to some other land use such as agriculture, urban development, forestry operation. Some 70-80 % of fresh water marshes and lakes in the Gangetic flood plains has been lost in the last 50 years.Tropical deforestation and death of mangroves for commercial needs and fuel wood. The countrys mangrove areas have reduce from 700,000 ha to 453,000 ha in the last 50 years. discriminating grazing by domesticated livestock Poaching and illegal harvest home of wildlife. Increase in agricultural area, high use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and weedicides water stagnation, soil erosion, soil salinity and low productivity. High level of biomass keen causing large-scale indoor pollution. Encroachment on habitat for vituperate and road construction thereby fragmenting the habitat. ncrease in commercial activities such as mining and unsustainable resource extraction. Degradation of coastal and other aquatic ecosystems from domestic sewage, pesticides, fertilizers and industrial effluents. oer fishing in water bodies and introduction of weeds and exotic species. Diversion of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses leading to increased river pollution and decrease in self-cleaning properties of rivers. Increasing water requirement leading to tapping deeper aquifers which have high content of arsenic or fluoride resulting health problems.Disturbance from increased recreational activity and tourism causing pollution of natural ecosystems with wastes leave behind by people. The United Nations Conference on Environment and tuition (1992) acknowledged population growth, rising income levels, changing technologies, increasing consumption pattern will all have adverse impact on environment. Ensuring that there is no further deterioration depends on choices make by the population about family size, life styles, environmental protection and equity.Availability of appropriate technology and consignment towards ensuring susta inable development is increasing throughout the world. Because of these, it might be possible to initiate steps to see that the natural carrying capacity of the environment is not damaged beyond recovery and ecological balance is to a large extent maintained. It is imperative that the environmental sustainability of all developmental projects is taken care of by appropriate inputs at the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation stages. UrbanizationThe proportion of people in developing countries who live in cities has almost doubled since 1960 (from less than 22 per cent to more than 40 per cent), while in more developed regions the urban share has grown from 61 per cent to 76 per cent. Urbanization is projected to continue well into the next century. By 2030, it is expected that nearly 5 billion (61 per cent) of the worlds 8. 1 billion people will live in cities. India shares this global trend toward urbanization. Globally, the number of cities with 10 million or more in habitants is increasing rapidly, and most of these new megacities are in developing regions.In 1960, only New York and Tokyo had more than 10 million people. By 1999, the number of megacities had grown to 17(13 in developing countries). It is projected that there will be 26 megacities by 2015, (18 in Asia of these five in India) more than 10 per cent of the worlds population will live in these cities (1. 7% in 1950). Indias urban population has doubled from 109 million to 218 million during the last two decades and is estimated to reach 300 million by 2000 AD. As a consequence cities are facing the problem of expanding urban slums. Like many other demographic changes, urbanization has both positive and negative effects.Cities and towns have become the engines of social change and rapid economic development. Urbanisation is associated with improved access to education, drill, health care these result in increase in age at marriage, reduction in family size and improvement in health indices. As people have move towards and into cities, information has flowed outward. Better communication and transportation now link urban and bucolic areas both economically and socially creating an urban-rural continuum of communities with improvement in some aspects of lifestyle of both. The ever increasing reach of mass media communicate new ideas, points f reference, and available options are becoming more widely recognized, appreciated and sought. This phenomenon has affected health care, including reproductive health, in many ways. For instance, radio and television system programmes that discuss gender equity, family size preference and family planning options are now reaching formerly isolated rural populations. This can create engage for services for mothers and children, higher contraceptive use, and fewer unwanted pregnancies, small better families and lead to more rapid population stabilisation. But the rapid growth of urban population also poses some serious c hallenges.Urban population growth has outpaced the development of basic minimum services housing, water supply, sewerage and fast waste disposal are far from fitted increasing waste generation at home, offices and industries, coupled with poor waste disposal facilities result in rapid environmental deterioration. Increasing automobiles add to air pollution. tout ensemble these have adverse effect on ecology and health. Poverty persists in urban and peri-urban areas awareness about the glaring inequities in close urban setting may lead to social unrest. Rural population and their developmentOver seventy per cent of Indias population static lives in rural areas. There are substantial differences between the states in the proportion of rural and urban population (varying from almost 90 per cent in Assam and Bihar to 61 per cent in Maharashtra). Agriculture is the largest and one of the most important sector of the rural economy and contributes both to economic growth and employment . Its contribution to the Gross internal Product has declined over the last five decades but agriculture still remains the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of the countrys population.A large proportion of the rural work force is small and consists of marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers. There is substantial under employment among these people both wages and productivity are low. These in turn result in poverty it is estimated that 320 million people are still living at a lower place the poverty line in rural India. though poverty has declined over the last three decades, the number of rural poor has in fact increased due to the population growth. Poor tend to have larger families which puts enormous burden on their meagre resources, and prevent them from breaking out of the shackles of poverty.In States like Tamil Nadu where replacement level of fertility has been attained, population growth rates are much lower than in many other States but the populatio n density is high and so there is a pressure on land. In States like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh population is growing rapidly, resulting in increasing pressure on land and resulting land fragmentation. Low productivity of small land holders leads to poverty, low energy brainchild and under alimentation, and this, in turn, prevents the development thus creating a vicious circle.In most of the states non-farm employment in rural areas has not grown very much and cannot absorb the growing labour force. Those who are getting educated specially beyond the primary level, may not wish to do manual(a) agricultural work. They would like better opportunities and more remunerative employment. In this context, it is imperative that programmes for skill development, vocational training and technical education are taken up on a large scale in order to generate productive employment in rural areas.The entire gamut of existing poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes may have to be restructured to meet the newly emerging types of petition for employment. Rural poor have short-handed access to basic minimum services, because of poor connectivity, lack of awareness, inadequate and sickly functional infrastructure. There are ongoing efforts to improve these, but with the growing aspirations of the young, educated population these efforts may prove to be inadequate to meet the increasing needs both in terms of type and quality of services.Greater education, awareness and better standard of living among the growing younger age group population would create the required consciousness among them that smaller families are desirable if all the felt needs for health and family welfare services are fully met, it will be possible to enable them to attain their reproductive goals, achieve substantial decline in the family size and improve quality of life. Water Supply In many part of developed and developing world, water demand substantially exceeds sustainable water supply.It is estimated that currently 430 millions (8% of the global population) are living in countries affected by water stress by 2020 about one fourth of the global population may be facing continuing and recurring shortage of fresh water. In India, water withdrawal is estimated to be twice the rate of aquifer recharge as a result water tables are falling by one to three meters every year tapping deeper aquifers have resulted in larger population groups being exposed to newer health hazards such as high fluoride or arsenic content in drinking water.At the other end of the spectrum, excessive use of water has led to water log and increasing salinity in some separate of the country. Eventually, both lack of water and water logging could have adverse impact on Indias food production. There is very little arable agricultural land which remains unexploited and in many areas, agricultural technology improvement may not be able to envision further increas e in yield per hectare. It is, therefore, imperative that research in biotechnology for meliorate development of foodgrains strains that would tolerate salinity and those which would require less water gets high priority.Simultaneously, a movement towards making water harvesting, storage and its need based use part of every citizens life should be taken up. forage protective cover Technological innovations in agriculture and increase in area under cultivation have ensured that so far, food production has unplowed pace with the population growth. Evolution of global and national food security systems have improved access to food. It is estimated that the global population will grow to 9 billion by 2050 and the food production will double improvement in purchasing power and changing dietetical habits (shift to zoology products) may further add to the requirement of food grains.Thus, in the next five decades, the food and nutrition security could become critical in many parts of th e world especially in the developing countries and pockets of poverty in the developed countries. In India one of the major achievements in the last fifty years has been the green revolution and self- sufficiency in food production. Food grain production has increased from 50. 82 in 1950-51 to 200. 88 million tons in 1998-99 (Prov. ). It is a matter of concern that while the cereal production has been growing steadily at a rate higher than the population growth rates, the bold grain and shudder production has not shown a similar increase.Consequently there has been a reduction in the per capita availability of thrills (from 60. 7 grams in 1951 to 34 grams per day in 1996) and frank grains. Over the last five decades there has been a decline in the per capita availability of pulses. During the last few years the country has imported pulses to meet the requirement. There has been a sharp and sustained increase in represent of pulses, so there is substantial decline in per capita pulses consumption among poorer ingredient of population.This in turn could have an adverse impact on their protein intake. The pulse component of the Pulses and Oil Seeds Mission need to receive a major thrust in terms of RD and other inputs, so that essential pulse requirement of growing population is fully met. uprise apostrophize of pulses had a beneficial effect also. Till eighties in central India wages of landless labourers were given in the form Kesari dekaliter which was cheaper than cereals or coarse grains. Consumption of staple fibre diet of Kesari Dal led to crippling disease of neuro lathyrism.Over the last three decades the rising cost of pulses has made Kesari Dal more expensive than shuck or rice and consequently it is no longer given to labourers as wages for work done as a result the disease has virtually disappeared from Central India. Over years the coarse grain production has remained stagnant and per capita availability of coarse grain has under gone sub stantial reduction there has been a shift away from coarse grains to rice and wheat consumption even among poorer segment of population. One of the benefits of this change is virtual voiding of pellagra which was widely prevalent mong low income group population in Deccan Plateau whose staple food was sorghum. Coarse grains are less expensive than rice and wheat they can thus provide higher calories for the same cost as compared to rice and wheat. Coarse grains which are locally produced and procured if made available through TPDS at subsidised rate, may not only substantially deal down the subsidy cost without any reduction in calories provided but also improve targetting as only the most needy are likely to access these coarse grains.Another area of concern is the lack of equal focus and thrust in horticulture because of this, availability of vegetables especially green prickly-leafed vegetables and yellow/red vegetables throughout the year at affordable cost both in urban an d rural areas has remained an unfulfilled dream. Health and nutrition education emphasizing the sizeableness of consuming these inexpensive rich sources of micronutrients will not result in any change in food habits unless there is harnessing and effective management of horticultural resources in the country to meet the growing needs of the people at affordable cost.States like Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh have initiated some efforts in this direction similar efforts need be taken up in other states also. Nutrition At the time of independence the country faced two major nutritionary problems one was the threat of famine and acute starvation due to low agricultural production and lack of appropriate food distribution system. The other was chronic energy deficiency due to poverty, low-literacy, poor access to safe-drinking water, sanitation and health care these factors led to wide spread prevalence of infections and ill health in children and adults.Kwashiorkor, marasmus, goitre , beri beri, blindness due to Vitamin-A deficiency and anaemia were major public health problems. The country adopted multi-sectoral, multi-pronged strategy to combat the major nutritional problems and to improve nutritional status of the population. During the last 50 years massive progress has been achieved. Famines no longer stalk the country. There has been substantial reduction in moderate and severe undernutrition in children and some improvement in nutritional status of all segments of population.Kwashiorkor, marasmus, pellagra, lathyrism, beri beri and blindness due to severe Vitamin-A deficiency have become rare. However, it is a matter of concern that milder forms of Chronic aught Deficiency (CED) and micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widely prevalent in adults and children. In view of the fact that population growth in India will continue for the next few decades, it is essential that appropriate strategies are devised to improve food and nutrition security of f amilies, identify individuals/families with severe forms of CED and provide them assistance to over come these problemOperational strategy to improve the dietary intake of the family and improve nutritional status of the rapidly growing adult population would include Ensuring adequate agricultural production of cereals, pulses, vegetables and other foodstuffs needed to fully meet the requirement of growing population. Improving in purchasing power through employment generation and employment assurance schemes Providing subsidised food grains through TPDS to the families below poverty line. Exploring feasibility of providing subsidized coarse grains to families Below Poverty agate line (BPL) Operational strategies to improve health and nutritional status of the growing numbers of women and children include * Pregnant and lactating women screening to identify women with countt below 40 Kgs and ensuring that they/ their preschool children receive food supplements through Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) adequate antenatal intrapartum and neonatal care. 0-6 months infants Nutrition education for early initiation of lactation protection and promotion of usual summit feeding, exclusive breast feeding for the first six months unless there is peculiar(prenominal) reason supplementation should not be introduced before 6 months and immunisation, growth monitoring and health care. * Well planned nutrition education to ensure that the infants and children do continue to get breasted, get appropriate cereal pulse vegetable based supplement fed to them at least 3 4 times a day , appropriate help in ensuring this through family/community/work place support and immunisation and health care. Children in the 0 5 age group screen by weighment to identify children with moderate and severe undernutrition , provide double quantity supplements through ICD , screening for nutrition and health problems and appropriate intervention. * Primary school childre n weigh and identify those with moderate and severe chronic energy deficiency, improve dietary intake to these children through the mid-day meal. Monitor for improvement in the identified undernourished infants, children and mothers if no improvement after 2 months refer to physician for credit and treatment of factors that might be responsible for lack of improvement. * Nutrition education on varying dietary needs of different members of the family and how they can be met by minor modifications from the family meals. Intensive health education for improving the life style of the population coupled with active screening and management of the health problems associated with obesity. chapter 5 Strategies to Achieve Population StabilizationFertility decline in India has been the effect of divers(a) socio-economic developments as well as government sponsored family welfare programme. Rising levels of education, increase in female age at marriage, influence of mass media, economic de velopment, gender empowerment and measures for equality, continuing urbanization, diffusion of new idea, and declines in infant and child mortality have all contributed in lowering the levels of fertility. These factors, along with strong health infrastructure and focused family welfare programme, will continue to be driving the fertility transition.Even at the national level, the views regarding the ideal number of children are fast approaching the two child norm. But at the same time, preference for sons is clearly evident in many parts of India. The regional difference in fertility level is also likely to continue for many more years. Given this context, what are the strategies that can be adopted to achieve the population stabilization within a well-founded time period? National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Recognizing the importance of health for social and economic development and for improving the quality of life, the Govt. f India launched the National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM) in 2005 to carry out the necessary correction and strengthening of basic health care manner of speaking system. The Plan of Action of NRHM envisages increasing public expenditure on health, reduction regional imbalances in health infrastructure, pooling resources, integration of organizational structures, optimization of health manpower, decentralization and district management of health programmes, community participation and self-control of assets and providing public- private partnership.The goal of the mission is to improve the availability of and access to quality health care of the people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, woman and children. The expected outcomes from the Mission as reflected in statistical data are IMR reduced to 30/1000 live births by 2012. Maternal mortality reduced to 100/100,000 live births by 2012. TFR reduced to 2. 1 by 2012. Malaria Mortality Reduction Rate 50% up to 2010, additional 10% by 2012. Kala Azar Mortality Re duction Rate 100% by 2010 and sustaining elimination ntil 2012. * filarial/Microfilaria Reduction Rate 70% by 2010, 80% by 2012 and elimination by 2015. * Dengue Mortality Reduction Rate 50% by 2010 and sustaining at that level until 2012 * Cataract operations-increasing to 46 lakhs until 2012. * Leprosy Prevalence Rate reduce from 1. 8 per 10,000 in 2005 to less than 1 per 10,000 thereafter. * Tuberculosis DOTS series maintain 85% cure rate through entire Mission Period and also sustain planned case detection rate. Upgrading all Community Health Centers to Indian Public Health Standards. tilization of First Referral Units from bed occupancy by referred cases of less than 20% to over 75%. * Engaging 4,00,000 female licensed Social Health Activists (ASHAs). The NRHM (2005-12) seeks to provide effective health care to rural population throughout the country with particular focus on 18 states that have weak public health indicators and poor health infrastructure. National Popula tion policy The immediate impersonal of the National Population Policy is to meet all the unmet needs for contraception and health care for women and children.The medium-term objective is to bring the TFR to replacement level (TFR of 2. 1) by 2010 and, the long-term objective is to achieve population stabilisation by 2045. The Policy has set the following goals for 2010 * universal registration of births and deaths, marriages and pregnancies * universal access to information/counselling and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices * to reduce the IMR to below 30 per 1,000 live births and a sharp reduction in the incidence of low birth weight (below 2. kg. ) * universal immunisation of children against vaccine preventable diseases * promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than the age of 18 and preferably after 20 years * achieve 80 per cent institutional deliveries and increase the percentage of deliveries conducted by trained perso ns to 100 per cent * containing of STD reduction in MMR to less than 100 per 100,000 * universalisation of primary education and reduction in the drop-out rates at the primary and secondary levels to below 20 per cent for both boys and girls.Several states/districts have demonstrated that the steep reduction in mortality and fertility envisaged in the National Population Policy are technically feasible within the existing infrastructure and manpower. All efforts are being made to provide essential supplies, improve efficiency and ensure accountability especially in the states where performance is currently sub- optimal so that there is incremental improvement in performance.An Empowered Action Group attached to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has been established in 2001 to facilitate capacity building in poorly performing states/districts so that they attain the goals set in the Policy. If all these efforts are vigorously pursued it is possible that the aspiring(preno minal) goals set for 2007/2010 may be achieved. National Commission on Population The National Commission on Population adopting the small family norm was constituted on 11 May 2000 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. The Deputy prexy of the Planning Commission is the vice chairman.The Commission has the mandate to * review, monitor and give direction for the implementation of the National Population Policy with the view of achieving the goals it has set * promote synergy between health, educational, environmental developmental programmes so as to hasten population stabilization * promote inter-sectoral coordination in planning and implementation of the programmes through different agencies at the Centre and in the states and * develop a vigorous peoples programme to support this national effort.A strategical Support Group consisting of secretaries of concerned sectoral ministries has been constituted as a standing(a) advisory group to the Commission. Nine working groups were constituted to look into specific aspects of implementation of the programmes aimed at achieving the targets set in the National Population Policy. NCP has allocated property for action plans drawn up by district magistrates in poorly performing districts to implement programmes aimed at accelerating the pace decline in fertility.Meeting the unmet demand for contraception The NPP document lays great stress on meeting the unmet need for contraception as an instrument to achieve population stabilization. The presence of high level of unmet need for contraception in EAG states is not a myth, as it is supported by data from both NFHS and DLHS. But it would be a mistake to assume that inadequate access to services should be the dominant, or even a major, explanatory factor for its presence.As a carefully conducted in depth investigation in the Philippines had shown, unmet need for contraception could arise from several reasons, such as weak motivation, low female autonomy, perceiv ed health risks, and moral objection to the use of contraception. The elimination of these factors, and thus the unmet need, could prove to be as difficult as generating fresh demand for contraception. According to the DLHS go 2 (2002-2004) 21 percent of women in India have an unmet need for family planning.The unmet need for limiting is higher (13 percent) as compared to unmet need for spacing (9 percent). Total unmet need is highest among the younger women an