Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Literature Essay

AbstractChild inner laugh at (CSA) is a hidden epidemic of child mistreat and neglect. Approximately there be 3 million reports of CSA in the United States every year involving around 6 million children. CSA take place across ethnic and pagan lines, in solely socioeconomic levels, all levels of education and within all religions. Numerous adverse effects correlate with CSA whatsoever examples include, anxiety, dodging depression, dispirited self-esteem, post- detrimenttic stress disorder (PTSD), and promiscuity. In the present paper, research in the economic consumption of psychological distress in women with history of CSA reviewed to gain a taking into custody depression , high risk intimate activeness nature of the trauma , obstacles in relationships, possessing minus beliefs and attitudes towards early(a)s, psychological effects, psychopathology. The fol crusheding lit review attempts to put together and support CSA association with psychological, emotional and f leshly carriages in big(a)hood. Continuous studies of cozyly ill-use children and treatment outcomes atomic routine 18 essential. Keywords Child sexual make fun, anxiety, avoidance depression, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, promiscuityChild Sexual AbuseSurvivors of CSA often put up from adverse psychological distress from CSA, long after the abuse has ended. magnanimous survivors are at increased risk of having of having one or to a greater extent long-term negative consequences (Bremner et al., 1999 Colangelo and Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 Gladstone, Parker, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & Austin, 1999 Goodyear-Brown, 2012 Rosenthal, Rasmussen Hall, Palm, Batten, & Follette, 2005 Trowell, Kolvin, Weeramanthri, Sadowski, Berelowitz, Glasser, & Leitch, 2002). A history of CSA is not uncommonly describe by survivors with depressive disorders (Gladstone et al., 1999). They seek out a mental health headmaster for numerous reasons. Rosenthal et al. (2005) undercoat shame, guilt and the social stigma with CSA of such experiences it is in all probability that survivors would attempt to avoid memories and feelings through various means including psychological distress, depression, anxiety, middle abuse, suicidal behavior and borderline personality disorders.Defining the ProblemBremner et al. (1999) confirm child sexual abuse is utter almost(a)ly common in forthwiths society 16% of women are the victim of rape, attempted or molestation at some time out front their 18th birthday. However, CSA preponderance rates varied substantially making comparisons difficult (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman , 2012 as cited in Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). In addition, the main definitional difference was whether the abuse was physical or withal involved noncontact behaviors. Goodyear-Brown, 2012 (as cited in Berliner, 2011 Berliner & Elliott, 2002 Finkelhor, 1979) defined CSA as any sexual activity involving a child in whom the child is unable or noncompliant to give consent. In addition, reported CSA is a problem of epidemic isotropy affecting children of all ages, socioeconomic levels and cultural backgrounds.Therefore, all states save court-ordered procedures against child sexual abuse, literal nubs dissent from state to state, and sexual abuse is not always clearly addressed as distinct from physical abuse (Goodyear-Brown, 2012). CSA impacts all people from a wide variety of backgrounds. Researchers have documented CSA has no boundaries of race, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. As a result it affects the whole residential district including, children, adolescents, and adults. While victims including offenders are without doubt, most undeviatingly impacted, households and communities in which the abuse occurred are besides strongly impacted if there is no satisfactory response to the issue. disposition DisordersThe ability to develop relationships and get along with others is essential to healthy wellbeing. Mainta ining positive, reciprocatory social connections includes comprehending social cues, speaking up for oneself, and finding people who entrust not exploit and hurt others. Consequently, the ability to develop and maintain relationships becomes affected. piteous Self-EsteemSexual abuse survivors, in one study, expressed much internalizing behaviors than did their non-abused counter parts. In fact, women with history of CSA were more possible to use negative terms to describe themselves and less likely to attrisolelye positive meaning to sexual behavior (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Meston and Heiman, 2000). Also, women with a history of CSA perceived their bodies as less sexually attractive than nonabused and reported feeling violent and distant from, their own bodies during sexual activity (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Wenniinger and Heiman, 1998). In addition, patients who report CSA, 93% self-reported helplessness, sinfulness, guilt, worthles sness and self-image (Gladstone et al., 1999).AvoidanceRosenthal et al., (2005) established that women victimized during childhood, were likely to have avoidance of experiences. Survivors with the avoidant style have a few(prenominal) interpersonal bonds and few friends. They are not as imaginable to be linked in relations with others and less likely to be married. The invasive style is too burdensome and controlling. However, the invasive style has exceptional needs for closeness. There is extreme self-disclosure, and relationships are excessively smothering. Equally the avoidant and invasive styles are dysfunctional and are possibly to result in loneliness.Sexual DisordersThe impact of CSA on a womans sexual functions relates to high risk sexual activities. notional sexual behavior is the most thoroughly documentation of destructive behavior in abuse survivors. Also, significantly impacts the quality of sexual and romantic relationships of the victims.promiscuityResearchers fou nd 20% of women worldwide reported sexual contact with an adult during their childhood (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Freyd et al., 2005). Women reported performing a sexual act against their will, before age 15 (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Fanslow, Crengle, Perese and Robinson, 2007).Also, women with a sexual abuse history reported more negative feelings nearly sex and experience less satisfaction than do nonabused women (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Leonard et al., 2008 Meston et al., 2006). Findings, for women whose abuse experience included earlier onset of consensual sexual activity, higher rates of teen pregnancy, multiple sexual partners, unprotected copulation (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Ferguson et al., 1997 Raj, Silverman & Amaro, 2000 Walker et al., 1999). Furthermore, increased rates of abortion and anal sex (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Windgood & DiClemente, 1997).Anxiety Disorde rsA plethora of literature has developed over the away 20 years demonstrating the potentially wicked magnitude of negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequently occurring sequelae of past abuse.DepressionGladstone et al., (1999) linked behavioral problems in adulthood to CSA and found that more patients with word picture to CSA, than patients with no exposure, had evidence of significant personality disturbances before their current depressive episode. In addition, patients with history of CSA reported higher levels of depression (Gladstone et al., 1999). Significantly, patients with exposure of CSA reported having an alcoholic father than did those who had not. To emphasize researchers also found other over represented characteristics to feel unsafe, a dysfunctional father, verbal abuse and exposure to an unstable relationship mingled with parents (Gladstone et al., 1999).Post Traumatic melodic line Disorder (PTSD)Bremner et al., (1999) identified CSA is the most common cause of PTSD, which affects 10% of several(prenominal)s in this country. In spite of the high prevalence rates of CSA and PTSD, there is infinitesimal on the long-term effects of abuse on the brain. Trowell et al. (2002) examined the relationship between PTSD and symptoms the led victims to seek treatment. They found that a significant number of victims in their sample manifest symptoms of PTSD, including flashbacks and intrusive memories.However, despite the fact that most CSA victims did not meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD, many reported having some post-traumatic symptoms. These symptoms included hyper vigilance, intrusive thoughts, and rapid intrusive flashbacks of the abuse Researchers monitored the relative faculty of focused individual or group psychotherapy for sexually abused girls and psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. Both treatment groups showed substantial psychopathological improvements, but with no evident difference between individual and group therapy. Therefore, individual therapy led to a greater improvement in manifestations of PTSD (Trowell et al., 2002).ReferencesBremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D.S. (1999). queasy correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. The American journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1787-1795. Colangelo, J.J., & Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the impact of childhood sexual abuse on womens sexuality. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 1-5. Gladstone, G., Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., & Austin, M. (1999). Characteristics of depressed patients who report childhood sexual abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 431-437. Goodyear-Brown, P. (2012).The scope of the problem. In P. Goodyear-Brown (Eds.), Handbook of child sexual abuse Identification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 1-28). Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rosenthal, Z.M., Rasmussen Hall, M. L., Palm, K.M, Batten, S.V., & Follette, V.M. (2005). Chronic avoidance helps explain the relationship between severity of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 25-41. Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., T. Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., & Leitch, I. (2002). mental hygiene for sexually abused girls psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 234-247.