MOving About

Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity ( encumbrance number and/or explosive charge) (Rouse, 2005). essentially Inertia is a word we use when we talk close matter and movement (Unknown Author, Unknown Date). This cerebration goes all the way back to Sir Isaac Newton, a great physicist. In Newtons first compensateeousness of contain it is utter that 1 . An object at rests tends to stick in rest 2. An object in motion tends to stay in motion A great example of inaction would be if a railroad motorrailway auto is driven directly into a brick wall, the automobile would stop because of the external rip which is exerted upon by the wall.The device driver requires a power to stop his body from moving forward, this eject be prevented by a settable, or former(a)wise inertia will cause his body to keep moving forward until his body is acted upon by the same reap. Newtons tallyset printing Law Newtons First Law of Motion states that E very(prenominal) object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion un midget made to change by a non-zero net force. This law says if an object is accelerating, that is it experiencing a change on velocity, and consequently an un equilibrate (or resultant or net) force must be play acting upon it (Warren, N, 2004).From his law we behind conclude that forces cause changes in motion (that is, accelerations)- they do non cause motion (Warren, N, 2004). . Newtons First Law, attend Courtesy by Revision World Newtons first law is not app arnt in real world situations because there are usually too many external forces acting upon objects on the Earths surface. Common experience does not always seem to be in agreement with this law (Warren, N, 2004). A driver of a car on a level road for example, still unavoidably to press the accelerator to move at a constant speed (Warren, N, 2004). Why does the car not accelerate?The season, of course, is that friction exists between th e car and the road (Warren, N, 2004). Hence the forces in this case are balanced and so the law is valid (Warren, N, 2004). To accelerate the car, we need to apply an unbalanced force, that is, press the accelerator to a greater extent (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed g everywheren, Road Rules and gumshoe devices In recent years many local councils book introduced lower speed limits and placed speed humps in streets to reduce the speed of cars (Warren, N, 2004). Evidence shows, and physics dictates, that laggard moving cars cause less trauma to occupants if a crash results (Warren, N, 2004).The speed humps ingests it difficult for drivers to speed since they would damage their cars if they hit humps too fast (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed zones are in place because, the lower your velocity, the less impulse you beget and the quicker you can stop (Unknown Author, 2007). Low speed zones keep the risk of study damage to a minimum by decreasing the momentum of cars (Indri, U, 2011). Momentum increases with both velocity and mass, as shown in the equation (Indri, U, 2011). It is important to keep momentum low because in the equation, as the momentum (P) increases, so does the equal force (F) (Indri, U, 2011).Therefore lower speed zones also allow for a shorter stopping distance, reducing speed decreases the receive of a collision to bugger off place, by decreasing the stopping distance and lowering momentum (Indri, U, 2011). Modern cars are built with many safety device devices including 1 . bottomland Belts 2. atmospherebags 3. graze Zones Each of these devices kit and boodle by effectively change magnitude the over which riders are brought to rest in the event of collision (Warren, N, 2004). Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a fomite.Relating back to Impulse = Force X Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the ores put on the fomite, and the occupants inside it (Unknown Author, 2007). Seat Belts (Explain in terms of inertia) In 1948 drum cars became the first car company to include spot belts, prior to which even minor motor vehicle accidents could cause serious distress (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012). In 1968, the United States was the first country in the world to execute it a legal requirement that all new cars have scum bag belts (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012).A seat belt is a safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that whitethorn result from a collision (Indri, U, 2011). As part of an overall occupant restraint transcription, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle or other riders and by preventing the passenger from universe thrown from the vehicle (Indri, U, 2011). Most seat belts are equipped with lock mechanisms (or inertia shivers) that tighten the belt when pulled fast (e. G. Y the quick force of a passengers bo dy during a crash) but do not tighten when pulled slowly (Indri, U, 2011). This is implemented with a centrifugal clutch, which engages as the reel spins quickly (Indri, U, 2011). Alternatively, this function may be secured by a weighted pendulum or ball passenger car when these are deflected by mental retardation or roll-over they lock into pawls on the reel (Indri, U, 2011). There are three types of inertia reel seat belts 1. NIL-(No Locking Retractor) 2. LEER V-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle sensitive) 3.LEER M-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle and Webbing sensitive) Air bags Hitcher, a retired industrial steering technician, received a patent in 1953 for what he called a safety soften assembly for automotive vehicles (McCormick, L, 2006). His U. S. Patent No. As the first prototype for todays modern airbags (McCormick, L, 2006). Hitcher designed the system to reduce injuries during emergency braking and driftal collisions, according to a story in American Heritag e about his invention (McCormick, L, 2006).In that story, Hitcher recalled the inspiration for his invention In the spring of 52, my wife, my seven-year-old daughter, Joan, and I were out for a Sunday drive in our 1948 Chrysler Windsor (McCormick, L, 2006). About three miles outside Newport, we were watching for deer bounding across the road (McCormick, L, 2006). Suddenly, there was a large rock in our path, Just past the crest of a hill (McCormick, L, 2006). I think about hitting the halt and veering the car to the right (McCormick, L, 2006). We went into the ditch but avoided hitting both a tree and a wooden fence (McCormick, L, 2006). As I applied the brakes, both my wife and I threw our hands up to keep our daughter from hitting the dashboard during the ride home, I couldnt stop idea about the accident (McCormick, L, 2006). I asked myself Why couldnt some object come out to stop you from big the inside of the car? (McCormick, L, 2006) When he returned home, Hitcher started s ketching designs for his safety cushion. McCormick, L, 2006) The primary purpose of the airbag is to slow the passengers speed to zero with little or no damage (Indri, U, 2011). The constraints that it has to work within are huge (Indri, U, 2011).The airbag has the property between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with (Indri, U, 2011). up to now that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly quite an than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion (Indri, U, 2011). There are three parts to an airbag that help to meet this feat 1 . Air Bag The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. . Crash Sensors These small pieces of electronics are designed to tell when the vehicle has been damaged in an accident (Cars Direct, 2013). They respond to several different sets of stimuli, including sudden stopping, increased pressure as pieces of the car are moved due to the force of the collision, and more (Cars Direct, 2013). A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred (Indri, U, 2011).The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip (Indri, U, 2011). According to an engineering study and airbag can be deploy in 55 milliseconds. 3. Inflators Once the control unit determines there is an accident, it sends a signal to the inflator system (Cars Direct, 2013). The inflator sets off a chemical charge, producing an explosion of nitrogen gas, filling up the airbag (Cars Direct, 2013). As the airbag fills up, it bursts through the paneling that contains it and enters into the space of the car in order to foster you (Cars Direct, 2013).Thus the use of the airbag decreases the overall force that is applied on the passenger resulting in less serious injuries and t hus saves lives (Indri, U, 2011). . Impact Triggers Air Bag Inflation, Image Courtesy Stephen rage Crumple Zones The concept of the crumple zone safety feature was first used by the Mercedes-Benz engineer Bella Barrens on the 1959 model Mercedes-Benz Fantail (Rive, M, Unknown Year). This innovation was first patented by Mercedes-Benz in the early mouthpiece (Rive, M, Unknown Year). The patent was then granted as patent number 854157, minion (Rive, M, Unknown Year).A crumple zone is an area of the vehicle that is designed to change shape on wallop with another object at high speed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is in order to redistribute the force exerted on the vehicle so that the driver remains relatively unharmed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is achieved by crafting the front and rear of the vehicle from a material that is designed to bend or collapse into itself upon impact (Graininess, E, 2008). Often, engineers will have to compromise between using a material that offers too lit tle resistance to force and too great a resistance to force (Graininess, E, 2008).The best way to reduce the initial force in a crash with a prone amount of mass and speed is to slow overthrow the deceleration (Indri, U, 2011). Youve seen this effect for yourself if youve had to slam on your brakes for any reason (Indri, U, 2011). The forces you experience in an emergency stop are much greater than when you step by step slow down for a stoplight (Indri, U, 2011). In a collision, slowing down the deceleration by even a few tenths off second can create a drastic diminution in the force involved (Indri, U, 2011). . The crumple zones and the passenger section of a car, Image Courtesy ByMechanics Momentum In the equation Force = mass X acceleration (F=M x A), cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half therefore, changing the deceleration time from . 2 seconds to . 8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reducing in total force (Graininess, E, 2008). Crumple zones accom plish this by creating a buffer zone well-nigh the perimeter of the car (Graininess, E, 2008). Certain parts of a car are inherently rigid and repellant to deforming, such as the passenger compartment and the engine (Graininess, E, 2008).If those rigid parts hit something, they will decelerate very quickly, resulting in a lot of force (Graininess, E, 2008). Surrounding those parts with crumple zones allows the less rigid materials to take the initial impact (Graininess, E, 2008). The car begins decelerating as soon as the crumple zone starts crumpling, extending the deceleration over a few extra tenths of a second (Graininess, E, 2008). The fundamental idea is that it takes force to damage them. Crumple zones spend as much force as possible so that other parts of the car as well as the occupants dont suffer the effects (Indri, U, 2011).Effectiveness of Safety Devices Seat Belts draining a seat belt is one of easiest ways of protecting drivers and passengers when traveling in a veh icle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Seat belts protect vehicle occupants by decreasing the time it takes them to come to a stop in a crash, spreads the impact force over a greater area of the body, minimizes contact with the interior of the vehicle and helps stop them from being ejected from the vehicle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Failure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other sensation traffic safety-related behavior (Indri, U, 2011). % of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat belts (Indri, U, 2011). Wearing a seat belt use is still the single most effective thing we can do to protect ourselves in case of an accident (Indri, U, 2011). . Seat Belts, Image Courtesy By Tableaus Seat belts are the most effective safety devices in vehicles today, estimated to save 9,500 lives each year (Indri, U, 2011). Yet however 68 percent of the motor vehicle occupants are buckled. In 1996, more than 60 percent of the occupants killed in fatal crashes were unrestrained (Indri, U, 2011). . Fatalities where NV Occupant was Unrestrained, Image Courtesy By AustralianGovernment As you can see from the graph above after 2007 number of fatalities who were unrestrained have decreased over the year. This is because more effective laws came in and police patrol on roads also increased over the years. Our better understanding of safety of devices such as seat belts has also played a major part. Statistically, individuals who are in accidents that have manufacturer- installed airbags and who properly wear their seat belts have a better chance of making it out of a serious accident without serious injuries (Safer, 2006).Crumple Zones In a typical crash scenario, the crumple zone effectively redistributes the force of impact on the vehicle, leaving the safety cell intact whilst the front or rear of the vehicle is utter(a)ly deformed (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). This means that the crumple zone is working correctly (Car Safe ty Systems and Unknown Date). However, crumple zones are designed to work in tandem with the additional safety features of a modern vehicle, such as the airbags, settable and collapsible steering column (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). Crumple Zones, Image Courtesy sys (21968 Crumple zones allow the front of the vehicle to crush like an accordion, absorbing some of the impact of the collision and giving some off in the form of heat and sound (K-12 School Websites, 2006). The front of the vehicle effectively acts as a cushion that slows the time it takes for the vehicle to come to a complete stop, applying less force on passengers, which could help save their lives (K-12 School Web Pages, 2006).Newtons second law of motion, force = mass x acceleration, conveys that as the time it takes for an automobile to come to rest or change direction is increased, the force go through by the automobile (and its occupants) is decreased (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Conversely too, if the time to stop is shorter, the force experienced is greater (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Crumple zones add time to the crash by absorbing energy (Erickson, Christopher, 2006).Air Bags In Australia during 1997, the then Federal Office of Road Safety collaborated with UNCAP on a consumer information program comparing the injury outcome of a series of vehicle models with and without airbags (RACE, Unknown Date). The first release covered larger passenger cars that are popular with families and fleet buyers (RACE, Unknown Date). The test results showed that an airbag halves the chance of suffering a serious proposition injury (RACE, Unknown Date). A second series looked at the small car group which are very popular with private and first-time new car buyers (RACE, Unknown Date).Again the test results showed that an airbag at least halved the chance of suffering a serious head injury (RACE, Unknown Date). . Airbags, Image Courtesy By tornado Dominique A recent US study has shown side a irbags also to be highly effective in reducing the risk of serious injury or death, particularly those that include head protection. Previous interrogation has shown that the installation of air bags in vehicles significantly reduces crash related deaths, but these analyses have used statistical techniques which have not been capable of controlling for other major determinants of crash survival (Barry, S, Gimping, S, ONeill, T, 1999).Loose Objects in Cars every(prenominal) year, easy objects inside cars during crashes cause hundreds of serious injuries and even deaths (Abraham, D, Wesleyan, M, Lamar, A, 2011). Recent studies have shown that many drivers are increasing the risk of injury or death in automobile accidents by leaving items unsecured (Grubber, D, 2012). The electric potential angers of loose objects in vehicles are strongly associated with Newtons First Law of Motion, inertia (Cantina, 2005). For example, say a car is traveling along a straight road (Cantina, 2005).L oose objects in the auto are acted upon by the body, seats, or some other part of the vehicle (whatever is touching a loose object), whenever the car accelerates (Cantina, 2005). Lets say we stop the car instantaneously and turn the car so it faces left (Cantina, 2005). What happens to all the loose objects inside the car? They are still going to obey the First Law of Motion, and try to continue going down the straight road (Cantina, 2005). However, since the car is now both stopped and facing left, the right wall of the car is in the way of the loose objects (Cantina, 2005).At that moment everything flies towards the right wall, and the loose objects crash hard against it (Cantina, 2005). If it wasnt for seat belts, the driver and the passenger(s) would also smash into the right wall (Cantina, 2005). However despite wearing seat belts, a passenger can still feel the force that is pushing him towards the right side of the car, in this situation. If the car was extremely heavy, or wa s traveling at a considerable speed, then the force of the crash would be greater Cantina, 2005). This is because of Newtons second law, F=ma, the larger the acceleration or mass, the greater the force (Cantina, 2005).This makes it obvious that loose objects in vehicles are dangerous and should be placed in compartments provided (Cantina, 2005). Everything that has been explained above can be prove right by conducting a firsthand investigation. However in this investigation, one does not have to make a sharp turn or have loose objects laying around the car. One can simply place their sunglasses on the dashboard and observe its movement whenever the car turns. If the car turns right then the sunglasses will move to the left and vice versa. This is a very simple tho accurate example of inertia in the cars frame of reference.